A Bodhisattva is an individual who is on the path to enlightenment, but has not yet reached it. In some definitions, Bodhisattvas are qualified to enter nirvana, but have chosen not to, because of their desire to remain on earth and help others on their own journeys to overcome sufferings and attain enlightenment. In Early Buddhism, the term was used to refer to the Buddha in the period of his life before he reached nirvana. Different Buddhist schools now hold varying definitions of the term; within Theravada Buddhism, Bodhisattvas are rare individuals who have both made a resolution to become a Buddha and had confirmation from a living Buddha that this will happen. However, within Mahayana Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is anyone who has the quality of bodhicitta: a mind (‘citta’) directed towards enlightenment (‘bodhi’), or a wish to attain Buddhahood for the good of all sentient beings. According to this understanding, everyone has the opportunity to become a Bodhisattva.

Bodhisattvas are often represented with elaborate clothing and adornment. This contrasts with depictions of the Buddha, which emphasise his renouncement of earthly riches by portraying him clothed in plain robes. This figure is wearing large earrings, multiple chains around his neck, and a decorative many-pointed headdress. He is sitting in a full lotus position on a thin mat, and his clinging drapery acts to accentuate the shape of his limbs. His left hand is held upwards, with the middle finger meeting the thumb, in a variation of the Vitarka mudra. ‘Mudra’ literally means ‘seal’ or ‘gesture’ and is used to refer to a pose, usually of the hands, which has a symbolic meaning. The Vitarka mudra is associated with discussion and teaching, and is often used in depictions of Bodhisattvas. The figure’s right hand is held face upwards in the lap, holding a rounded object with plumes coming out of the top. Traces of gold lacquer are visible across the surface of the bronze sculpture. The figure is smiling gently, with closed eyes, conveying the sense of inner serenity that can be achieved with spiritual focus and meditation.