Whereas before, war was characterized as a civilized contest between aristocratic armies, during the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.), war evolved into the chaotic conflict we know it as today. Kings and princes were replaced on the battlefield by infantries lead by military generals. Peasants were recruited to serve on the front lines. Warfare intensified, especially in terms of the duration of campaigns. New arms and armor were invented, including the halberd and crossbow. Chariots rode alongside archers outfitted in iron helmets and body armor. Defensive walls were erected in order to repel invaders. However, despite the turmoil of the times, the arts continued to thrive. Bronze casting was revolutionized by the introduction of the lost-wax technique, while the alterations of kiln structures enabled new firing techniques that resulted in fully developed glazes.

This luxurious wine table, called a Juizhou, reveals the unrivaled wealth and sophistication characteristic of the Warring States period in Chinese history. Surely the value of the gilt bronze alone suggests that this work was the treasured possession of a noble or elite member of the social hierarchy. However, when one considers the mastery of the artistry, including the incised decorations, this Juizhou becomes even more splendid. Originally, the gilt bronze pieces that survive would have been fitted onto a wooden table. The frame would fit around the edges of the table while the legs would have been inserted into carved slots. Although the wood has long since decomposed, an approximation of the original has been recreated in plastic to hold the pieces in their proper position. While the frame segments are smooth and unfinished, the legs, shaped like stylized horse legs, have been embellished with detailed incised depictions of dragons along the sides with abstract and curvilinear motifs adorning the top and “hooves.” Interestingly, the insides of the legs have not been gilt, nor the upper half of the insert tabs.
This gorgeous wine table was discovered buried inside the tomb of its owner. However, this Juizhou is more than a symbol of earthly wealth, for it was meant to be used in the next world. The early Chinese believed that the afterlife was an extension of our earthly existence. Thus, when this work was first forged, it was expected to last for eternity, as it seemingly has. While this table hosted many sumptuous wine feasts on earth, it continued to be used in the heavenly celebrations and feasts of the afterlife. This extraordinary Juizhou represents the wealth and luxury of ancient China, simultaneously symbolizing their religious and philosophical beliefs. Today it is a masterpiece of art that astounds us with its beauty and history alike. Like a fine wine, the beauty of this table has been aged to perfection.