Sumerian cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. First appearing in the 4th millennium BC in what is now Iraq, it was dubbed cuneiform (‘wedge-shaped’) because of the distinctive wedge form of the letters, created by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay. Early Sumerian writings were essentially pictograms, which became simplified in the early and mid 3rd millennium BC to a series of strokes, along with a commensurate reduction in the number of discrete used (from c.1500 to 600). The script system had a very long life and was used by the Sumerians as well as numerous later groups – notably the Assyrians, Elamites, Akkadians and Hittites – for around three thousand years. Certain signs and phonetic standards live on in modern languages of Middle and Far East, but the writing system is essentially extinct. It was therefore cause for great excitement when the ‘code’ of ancient cuneiform was cracked by a group of English, French and German Assyriologists and philologists in the mid 19th century AD. This opened up a vital source of information about these ancient groups that could not have been obtained in any other way.

Cuneiform was used on monuments dedicated to heroic – and usually royal – individuals, but perhaps its most important function was that of record keeping. The palace-based society at Ur and other large urban centres was accompanied by a remarkably complex and multifaceted bureaucracy, which was run by professional administrators and a priestly class, all of whom were answerable to central control. Most of what we know about the way the culture was run and administered comes from the cuneiform tablets, which record the everyday running of the temple and palaces complexes in minute detail, as in the present case. The Barakat Gallery has secured the services of Professor Lambert (University of Birmingham), a renowned expert in the decipherment and translation of cuneiform, to examine and process the information on these tablets. The following is a transcription of his analysis of this tablet:


Clay tablet, with 27 lines of Sumerian cuneiform on obverse, reverse and left edge. The tablet has a little damage to the right edge, otherwise it is in very good condition and is written in a large, clear scribal hand. An administrative document from the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur, dated to the second year of Ibbi-Sin, last king of the dynasty, 2027 B.C. It lists rations paid out to official messengers to sustain them on their trips:

Translation:

30 sila of beer, 20 sila of bread: Anati, vizier, king’s messenge when he went as manager to the Lumah field.

5 sila of beer, 5 sila of bread: Puzur-Mamma, king’s messenger.

5 sila of beer, 5 sila of bread: Sharrum-bani, king’s messenger.

5 sila of beer, 5 sila of bread: Libur-ni’ash, king’s messenger when they went to call up the associates.

3 sila of beer, 2 sila of bread: Shu-Ninshubur, king’s messenger.

2 sila of beer, 2 sila of bread: Zaliya, butler when they went to Der.

5 sila of beer, 5 sila of bread: Shu-Sin-…., king’s messenger when he went to Diniktum.

2 sila of beer, 2 sila of bread: Lugal-amarku, the ……man when he went to Girsu.

2 sila of beer, 2 sila of bread: Daki-ilum, barber when he went for cornel rods.



Disbursement for the month Shugarra.
Year: the high priestess of Uruk was chosen by divination Left Edge: 16th day

A sila was a measure of capacity, about .85 of a litre, obvious for measuring beer, not clear for bread. Perhaps the flour rather than the baked product was measured. This tablet belongs to the so called “messenger tablets,” but unlike those published, this one gives also purposes of these trips, which is very useful information for reconstructing the economic life of this period.