Sumerian cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. First appearing in the 4th millennium BC in what is now Iraq, it was dubbed cuneiform (‘wedge-shaped’) because of the distinctive wedge form of the letters, created by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay. Early Sumerian writings were essentially pictograms, which became simplified in the early and mid 3rd millennium BC to a series of strokes, along with a commensurate reduction in the number of discrete signs used (from c.1500 to 600). The script system had a very long life and was used by the Sumerians as well as numerous later groups – notably the Assyrians, Elamites, Akkadians and Hittites – for around three thousand years. Certain signs and phonetic standards live on in modern languages of the Middle and Far East, but the writing system is essentially extinct. It was therefore cause for great excitement when the ‘code’ of ancient cuneiform was cracked by a group of English, French and German Assyriologists and philologists in the mid 19th century AD. This opened up a vital source of information about these ancient groups that could not have been obtained in any other way.

Cuneiform was used on monuments dedicated to heroic – and usually royal – individuals, but perhaps its most important function was that of record keeping. The palace-based society at Ur and other large urban centres was accompanied by a remarkably complex and multifaceted bureaucracy, which was run by professional administrators and a priestly class, all of whom were answerable to central court control. Most of what we know about the way the culture was run and administered comes from cuneiform tablets, which record the everyday running of the temple and palace complexes in minute detail, as in the present case. The Barakat Gallery has secured the services of Professor Lambert (University of Birmingham), a renowned expert in the decipherment and translation of cuneiform, to examine and process the information on these tablets. The following is a transcription of his analysis of this tablet:

‘The text is an administrative document from the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur, dated to the second year of Ibbi-Sin, last king of the dynasty, c. 2027 B.C. It is a long list of rations issued to official messengers.

Translation:

1 roast sheep, 5 sila of soup: Nur-Shamash, rider, king’s messenger. (gap) 1 [sila] of soup, 1 fish: Abbamu [king’s messenger] when they went for the king’s [….], [1] sila of soup, 1 fish: Ki’ag-shaga, barber. 1 sila soup, 1 fish: Ur-Shubula, barber. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Ukippashu, barber. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Ibbi-Lulu, man of the throne. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Ilum-kin, man of the throne. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Arshi, diviner. 1sila of soup, 1 fish: Ilum-ashbi, diviner. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Shulgi-ili, the…man. [1 sila of soup], 1 fish: […]gal, the house sweeper (gap). 1 [sila] of soup, 1 fish: Gidamu. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Iddin-Adad, [
….] 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Shulgi-utamu. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Igimu (three lines erased). 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: the king’s….s. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Inim-Shara, vizier. 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: Lu-…… (gap). 2 [sila] of soup, 2 fish: [….]abshinni. 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: Shu-Ashtar, slaughterer when he went on the king’s mission. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Nur-ili, cook. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Ashba[ni], cook when…..for cooking pots. 3 aila of soup, 3 fish: [……] (gap). 2 sila of soup, 2 [fish:] Ahuni, king’s messenger. 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: Abu-tab, [king’s] messenger when [they went] on the journey to the king’s….2 sila of soup, 2 fish…..1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Utu-ki’ag, brewer. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Bati, brewer when they went for the king’s beer drinking. 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: …., king’s messenger [when he went for….[….]] 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Pululu, groom, when he went to Anshebaran-Zikum. 1 sila of soup, 1 fish: Lu-Baba, king’s messenger when he went to take the king’s barge. 1…., 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: Sheshkalla, king’s soldier: sick (gap). […sila of soup….fish:] Shar….[……..] king’s messenger when they went to call up workers to thrash sesame. 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: Shulgi-…..,king’s messenger when he went to….the oxen, 1….., 4 sila of soup: Shu-Sin-na…[…], [1] sila of soup, 1 fish….-ili, king’s messenger when they went for barley. 1 roast lamb, 5 sila of soup:….., viceregent, king’s messenger. 2 sila of soup, 2 fish: Shu-Sin-muballit, [king’s] messenger. 2 sila of [soup, 2 fish]: Ur-Dumuzi, [king’s] messenger when [they went] to the king (gap). Disbursement of the month of the Plow. Year: the high priestess of Inanna of Uruk was chosen by divination.

This is an unusually large tablet of its kind. Normally a month’s outgoings of this kind were accommodated on a single-column tablet. It is also interesting for details of some of these official journeys, something which published tablets of this category lack.’