The Pre-Columbian cultures of Ecuador are among the oldest in South America and among the first to master the art of pottery. Although we know little about the peoples themselves or their traditions, historians have been able to piece together a picture of life in Ancient Ecuador thanks in part to the art and artifacts left behind. The culture of Valdivia created some of the oldest known works of art in the Americas. Situated along the coastal strip of Ecuador, the Valdivians established a thriving society that flourished for around two thousand years (from approximately 3500 to 1500 B.C.). Today they are famed for their small fertility figures, believed to be the earliest representational works of art in the Americas, first carved from stone, later formed from terracotta.
Hundreds of years later after the Valdivians disappear from the archaeological record appears another culture to which the name Chorrera has been attached (lasting from circa 1100-300 B.C.). Little is known about this culture; however, it is significant for its widespread geographical reach. As such, their artistic style greatly influenced those diverse cultures that began to emerge in the final centuries of the Chorrera period, a time historians have labeled the Period of Regional Development.
Among the most prominent cultures that flourished in the wake of the Chorrera are the cultures of Bahia, Jama Coaque, and La Tolita. Around 200 B.C., the Bahia developed along the coastal strip in the modern province of Manabi, lasting until approximately 600 A.D. Their earliest terracotta works were greatly indebted to the Chorrera; however, over the years a distinctive style emerged characterized by large figures adorned with detailed dress and body ornamentation.
Bahia is closely related to the culture known as Jama Coaque, sharing a similar style and common chronology. They inhabited the forested hills lining the coast of northern Manabi. The city of San Isidro was their cultural and ceremonial center, featuring several temples surmounting a large pyramid. Similar to the Bahia, Jama Coaque is known for its large terracotta figures, typically sculptured in a variety actions and poses. Ceremonial figures are also well-know, typically formed with the arms held along their sides, palms facing outwards.

With her youthful form and arms held out at her sides, this female figure appears to be uninhibited to reveal to the world her natural livelihood of beauty and grace. Her lunate eyes under arched brows at one time gazed upward into the heavenly skies, but the black paint of her pupils has since vanished with the ages of time. Traces of ochre and blue-green paint still remain on areas of her body and jewelry. Not only is she a natural beauty, she has an exalted status as well which is shown by her multiple bracelets, collar and ear clips. Her mouth is open underneath her crescent-shaped nose ornament as if she is singing or simply allowing the freedom of her spirit to chant "ahhhhh". This peaceful flowing composition is extended to the top of her head, which is adorned with a domed turban with flaps extending to mid-ear. Her beauty and grace reaches beyond any time or place and exerts an aura of peace, tranquility and inner bliss.